ABSTRACT
In this project work, Enugu clay sample from Enugu State was collected, dried, size reduced and activated with supehuric acid (H2504). The activated adsorbents was used for oil refining. A percentage colour reduction as high as 94% was obtained during bleating of the palm oil. This performance of the local clays compares very favourably with that of the commercial adsorbents used in vegetable oil refining. The deodorized oil, with a 99% colour reduction, compares favourably in quality with the commercial reined palm oil a in the market.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 5
CHAPTER THREE
Experimental procedure 68
CHAPTER FOUR
Discussion & Results 92
CHAPTER FIVE
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Nigeria is a country blessed with so many mineral resources such mineral resources are palm oil, precious stoner, crude oil etc through which the country earns its foreign exchange.
Most of these mineral resources are usually reined inorder to obtain desire product. various types of equipment are used for the returning process which include fractional distillation, crystallization etc.
The essence of refining most of these raw materials is that, they contain a lot of impurities, which needed to be removed, if the material should be consumed comfortably or used defectively as a raw material. The impurities contain in most of these raw materials reduces the purity valve of the products, and after refining, lost valve one replenished using suitable treatments.
In this project work, palm oil bleaching entails the boiling together of a quantity of raw palm oil with a percentage of bleaching earth for specific time under a given temperature, pressure and filtering to remove the earth from the mixture.
The process termed bleaching for oils and fats is more correctly and adsorption process that removes colour and many other minor impunities. The purposes of bleaching is not only to provide a lighter coloured oil, but also to purify it in preparation for further processing.
These impurities competes with the colour pigments for space on the adsorbent surface.
In many cases, the bleaching process is performed more for the removal of the non – pigment materials like soap, gums, and provident metals that darken the oils, and affect finished oil flavour. The process parameters for bleaching include
Bleaching earth can be of two types that is, the natural of natural or fuller’s earth is obtained from selected raw material and have naturally, a certain bleaching power require only simple treatment in their preparation, such as drying of raw earth and milling to require fineness. With material containing sand or stone, it is necessary to introduce water washing to settle out the impurities from the clay substances before drying.
Also, chemically activated clays of high bleaching power are produced by a process involving high quantity acid. Such chemically treated material has an efficiency, considerably greater then that of the natural bleaching earth.
1.2 SCOPE/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this project is to obtain the rate of bleaching with local bleaching agent with special references to Enugu clay on Enugu State.
The refining palm oil involves in general, the following processes; degumning, neutralization, decolouristation and deodorization.
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