TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
Varieties of yam
Composition of yam
Objective of the study
Significance of the study
Limitation of the study
Harvesting of yam and storage
2.0 Yam
Methods Of Yam Processing And Preservation
Industrial Processing Of Yam
Problems Of Yam Processing
Reduction Of Instant Yam (Pounded Yam)
Problems Of Yam Production And Preservation
Nutritional Importance Of Yam And Uses
Anti Nutritional Factors In Yam
3.0 Conclusion
Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Yams are major crops in West Africa, the Caribbean – island of the South Pacific, South East Asia, India and Parta of Brazil. Nigeria alone accounts for considerable more than half the world’s total production of yam. (Ihekoronye and Ngoddy, 1985) noted that in many African Communities, yam is recognized as a prestige food crop. In Nigeria especially in Igbo land, it features prominently in many traditional festivals. Yam also occupies a place in many traditional marriage ceremonies and in special diets for mothers in conferment after child birth.
Yam have about ten species that c an be considered domesticated. The tuber is the main economically utilizable part of the yam. As with other crops, there are considerable variations in composition, not only between species but also within a single species or even a single cultivar, according to the cultural, climatic and edaphic factors of the environment under which it was grown, its maturity at harvest and the length of time for which it has been stored. Yam like other root crops composed primarily of carbohydrate on material and the have high water content. The water content generally his between 70 and 80%; yam may be taken as being two – thirds water. The carbohydrates consist mainly of starch with only small amounts of sugar, usually much less than one percent.
The main constituent of yam starch is amylopectin. Amylose occurs as 10 – 20% of the starch and influences the properties of the starch.
1.1 VARIETIES OF YAM
There are about five varieties of yam to be reviewed. These are D., alata, D. cayenesis, D., ratundata, D., esculenta and D. elumentorum.
A. DIOSCOREA ALATA (WATER YAM); Leaves are broadly ovate and are borne opposite each other on the stem and the vines are angular. There are no prickles or stipules. The tuber flesh is watery and creamy white and the tube is unevenly shaped. The skin is thick and there is a creamy or bright purple epidermal layer immediately below the skin. Maturity is in about 8 – 10 months. The vines are weak and twin in a counter clock – inflorescence and produces fruits which are three called capsule containing two seeds in each cell.
B. DIOSCOREA CAYENESIS (YELLOW YAM)
This has leaves that are as broad as they are and has cylindrical vines. Prickles where not joined are long and slender, and cylindrical in cross sect stipules are generally narrow and constricted towards the base. The tuber skin is thick and brittle. Vines twin anti-clockwise. This specie has a male inflorescence which occurs singly or in pairs, but not in groups.
C. DIOSCOREA ROTUNDATA (WHITE YAM)
D. Rotundata has cylindrical vines with leaves which are long and broad, it is mostly cultivated in West Africa and the West Indies. The tuber is white and requires about seven months to mature. Tuber is generally thin skinned and the vines twin anti-clockwise.
D. DIOSCOREA ESCULENTA (CHINESE YAM)
Here the vines twin in a clockwise direction and bear alternate, pale green relatively small cordate leaves. The plant produces a bunch of soft sugary tubers at the base of the stem. Tubers are small rounded structures. It maturity is about eleven months. The tubers bruise easily and do not store longer before it start sprouting within a short time.
E. DIOSCOREA DUMENTORUM (THREE – LEAF YAM)
D. Dumentorum have cyclindrical stems with digitate compound leaves of 3, 5, or 7 leaflets. Twining is clockwise. Tubers are bunched and the flesh colour varies from white to creamy white or yellow. Tubers may be bitter and sometimes they are soaked for about three days before being prepared. Some varieties are poisonous. Tubers reach maturity in about 10 months.
1.2 COMPOSITION OF YAM
The tuber is the main economically utilizable part of the yam. As with other crops, there is considerable variation in composition, not only between species, but also within a single species, or even a single cultivar, according to the cultural, climatic and eclaphic factors of the environment under which it was grown, its maturity at harvest and the length of time for which it has been stored. The approximate composition of the various species of yam is river in table 1: the analytical data of Nigeria.
Table 1: Proximate composition of Nigeria yam tuber
|
Species (varieties) |
Moisture content |
CHO (%) |
Fat (%) |
Crude protein (%) |
Crude fibre (%) |
Ash (%) |
|
D. alata D. cayenesis d. rotundata (whole) D. rotundata (pecked) D. esculenta (whole) D. esculenta (peeled) D. humentorum (who) D. dumentorum (peeled) |
73.83 83.40 73.83
75.90
81.38
81.15
78.64
83.29 |
83.33 87.82 87.92
90.11
83.08
88.62
81.34
83.36 |
0.53 0.39 0.46
0.34
0.54
0.05
1.31
0.21 |
7.26 6.15 5.87
4.42
8.73
7.73
12.58
11.73 |
2.29 2.44 2.38
1.45
3.45
0.95
1.39
1.02 |
5.16 3.20 4.20
2.75
4.20
2.65
3.38
2.68 |
Table 2: The summary of the amino – acid profile of dioscerea mulilage content in the yam
|
Amino acid (%) |
(%) |
|
Arginine Aspartic acid Cystine Glutamic acid Histidine Isoleviene Levcine Lysine Proline Serien Trypotophan Valine |
1.57 2.50 1.26 5.47 0.85 1.40 2.60 0.89 3.74 0.04 2.26 1.04 |
(Ihekoronye and Ngoddy 1985)
Yams contain a significant amount of vitamin C range 6 – 10mg per 100g tuber tissue. Traces of vitamin A and B are also present, calcium, iron and phosphorous are among the components of the mineral fraction of the tuber but calcium occurs principally in rhaphides, bundles of crystals that occupy whole cells as calcium oxylate, and may not be available nutritionally.
Some yams may contain sufficient amounts of polyphenollic compounds. These are important since they are subject to enzymic oxidation. This leads to browing of the yam tubers, this type of browning posses problem sin commercial preparation of yam flours. Certain yam species may contain qualities of alkalorides (E.G. Dioscorine) and steroid derixatives, (diosgenin and sapogenin). Dioscorine is toxic, causing general paralysis of the central nerviuos system in test animals saponis are fish poison, haemolytic and surface active agents, and the steroids are finding increasing use in the pharmaceutical industry.
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND AIMS OF THE STUDY
This project work review on the processing, preservation and utilization of some dioscorea species.
However this research work is aimed at reviewing an appropriate processing and preservation of yam flour at which it can be generally utilized.
It further aimed at assessing the various method of producing boiled yam, fried yam and yam flour.
Finally, this research work also aimed at providing and assessing different methods of storing and preserving yam which are economical in terms of the cost of processing it.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This project is important to all processors, students and researchers in food based discipline as it studies and assesses different methods adopted in yam production. It will help students and researchers to know the various species that can be best used in yam flour.
This research work will also provide suitable method of producing pounded yam which will be economical.
This research work will help processors of yam to know the best method of preparing yam to gain its nutritive value, which will meet the taste of the consumer.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This work is limited in scope to various ways of processing, preservation and utilization of yam. However there are some limiting factors such as money, time.
Money is required to purchase the materials in the processing of yam product.
Time is also a problem, as it is needed to carry out the research work.
1.6 HARVESTING OF YAM AND STORAGE
Harvesting is a most important function, unless this operation is carried out with maximum efficiency, later PFL (Prevention of Food Loss) activities may be a waste of time, the main crop of yams is harvested between September and November. Yam is grown in humid and subhumid zones of West Africa. Small-scale farmers often grow yams inter-cropped with maize ad vegetable except for the limited used of fertilizer, much of the yam crop is grown without inputs. Some of the major constraints to yam production are weeds, availability of planting and staking materials, cost of labour, storage problem and pests and diseases. During the first 4 months of growth, weeds are of a particular problem to yam yield.
Limited availability and cost of planting material is a major constraint for yam production in Africa. Planting material account for about 50% of the cost of the production. Large amount of material (about 10,000 seed yams), are needed to plant 1 hectare. If farmers do not buy new seed yams, they must set abide 30% their harvest for planting the next year.
in addition, seed yams are bulky and perish quick
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