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ABSTRACT

          The study on anaemia in pregnancy was aimed at determining Packed Cell Volume (PCV) Haemoglobin (HB) level and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of pregnant women as well as the severity, significance of maternal age, educational level, occupation and gestational age to the occurrence of anaemia in pregnancy managed, diagnosed and admitted at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu.  The result showed that most of the patient had moderate to severe anaemia and that the cases were commonest in the age range 25 – 29 years.  Most of the patients were housewives and low level civil servants who lived in middle and lower class residential areas ad who had no formal education. It was discovered that he normal values for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) tests was male = 0 – 5 mm/hr, female = 0 – 7mm/hr, for Packed Cell Volume (PCV) test is male 35 – 45 ml, female 32 – 35ml while normal value for Haemoglobin (Hb) is 11.5g/dl.

          Anaemia in pregnancy was seen to occur most commonly in the third trimester.  It occurred all through the year, but mostly in the wet season and had the greatest positive association with malaria and nutritional deficiency.  Anaemia in pregnancy was seen not to be rampant in our today’s society due to the small number tested positive in the practical work conducted at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu.  Anaemia in pregnancy was also seen not to have any effect on birth weight of babies.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                      1

1.1     Aims and Objectives                                                      4       

1.2     The Limitation of Study                                                5       

1.3     Hypothesis                                                                    6       

1.4     Justification                                                                             6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review                                                                    7

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

Materials/Method                                                                    18

1.1     Collection of Samples                                                    18

1.2     Determination of Packed Cell Volume (PCV)                19

1.3     Determination of Haemoglobin (Hb)                             19

1.4     Determination of Erythrocute Sedimentation

Rate (ESR) By Westergren’s Method.                           20

1.5     Method of Data Collection                                            20

1.6     Method of Data Analysis                                                        22

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Results                                                                                    23

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion                                                                               32

 

CHAPTER SIX

5.1     Conclusion                                                                     36

5.2     Recommendation                                                           37

5.3     Action by the Government                                            38     

5.4     Action by the Community                                             38     

5.5     Action by the Health Workers                                       39     

5.6     Action by the Individuals                                              39     

Reference                                                                       41

         

Appendix                                                                       43

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1:   Distribution of pregnant women by age

TABLE 2:   Mean age distribution of patients

TABLE 3:   Distribution of patients according to their

Occupation

 

TABLE 4:   Distribution of patients according to their educational level

 

TABLE 5:   Distribution of patiens according to severity

 

TABLE 6:   Distribution of patients according to gestational age

 

TABLE 7.   Distribution of cases according to associates conditions

 

TABLE 8:   Relationship of incidence of aneamia in pregnancy to outcome of patients

 

TABLE 9:   Relationship of incidence of Anaemia in pregnancy to Birth weight of Baby

 

TABLE 10: Result of PCV, Hb and ESR tests at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu. 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1:           Histogram showing age distribution of pregnant women

 

FIGURE 2:           Bar chart-showing distribution of patients according to their occupation

 

FIGURE 3:           Pie chart-showing distribution of patients according to their occupation

 

FIGURE 4:           Bar chart showing distribution of patients according to their literacy level

 

FIGURE 5.           Pie chart showing distribution of patients according to severity

 

FIGURE 6:           Bar chart showing distribution of cases according to associated condition

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

          Anaemia is a common disorder in pregnancy.  The definition gives by World Health Organization (WHO) shows that haemoglobin level of less than 11.5g%.  Signifies anaemia, but in Nigeria it is regarded as the haemoglobin of less than 10.5g% or Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of less than 23%.  Between January 1955 and April 1957, anaemia was directly instrumental for over 20% of all the maternal deaths from antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage and puerperal sepsis.  The type of anaemia encountered in the pregnant women are identical with those encountered in the non-pregnant.  However, there is no doubt that the increased nutritional and metabolic demands of pregnancy and the fact that for many women, it is the first time they come under detailed medical scruting, has the effect both of increasing the incidence and altering the patte