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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:

1. Introduction

1.1     Background of the study

1. Statement of problems
2. Objectives of the study
3. Significance of the study
4. Scope and limitations of study
5. Hypothesis of the study
6. Brief history of the Union Bank of Nig. Plc
7. Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO:

1. Literature Review

2.1     Concepts of Bank lending

1. Objectives of Bank lending
2. Basic principles of lending
3. Constraints/Problems of lending
4. Purposes of Ratio Analysis
5. Profile of Union Bank
6. Objectives/Functions of Union Bank
7. Achievements/Challenges

CHAPTER THREE:

1. Research Design and Methodology

3.1     Introduction

1. Sources of data
2. Research population
3. Primary and Secondary Data
4. Sampling Method used
5. Sample Plan and Sample Size
6. Questionnaire Design
7. Description of Respondents
8. Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR:

1. Data presentation and analysis on findings

4.1     Data presentation

1. Data analysis
2. Interpretation of results
3. Test of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE:

1. Summary/Recommendation and Conclusion

5.1     Discussion of findings

1. Conclusion
2. Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendix

 

ABSTRACT

This study seeks to study the bank lending functions in Nigerian banks, with a view to ironing out the factors militating against the attainment of sound lending which contribute in no small measure to the non-recovery of loans.  Investigating the extent to which ratio analysis assist bank managers in their decision in lending.  Bank lending is merely the assessment and evaluation of bankable proposition with the objective of extending credit facilities on terms and conditions acceptable to both lender and borrower.  The rationale behind bank lending is presumably the desire to attain social and economic objectives for the society and profit for the banks.

Over the years, there has been a transition from an era of paper profits to an era of losses.  In fact, many banks no longer lend delinquent debtors to honour their obligations.  All these and many more are discussed in this project because one of the most important tasks of ratio analysis is assisting the financial managers to achieve efficiency through the provision of suitable financial information.

In carrying out the above mentioned functions, research questions were used in analysis formulated.  Relevant tables were built on the data collected and percentages were used in analysizing the data.  The hypothesis which states that “RATIO ANALYSIS does not help financial managers or does not serve as a lending too” was tested from the responses and found to be wrong.  Based on the findings, some recommendations were put forward which, if adopted will go a long way in enhancing the effectiveness and reliability of using ratio analysis in evaluating the financial performance of a given institution in a given period before lending.

 

PROPOSAL

In chapter one, the target of this project topic is to know how bank lending is concerned with provision of funds for the needy customers as loans from the savings of the fund surplus units paid into the bank.  This is the corner stone of a bank with great care to be exercised in this activity in the ratio analysis as a bank lending took is acceptable to both lender and borrower.

In this chapter two, concept of bank lending is an essential function of commercial banking and it has to do with an extension of loans to the borrowers.  Banks have some of the objectives of lending, having identified the problems and its impact on the analysis of the borrower’s financial position concerning bank policy will not isolate itself completely from it.

Chapter three will be talking about research method and design with the experimental survey method by interviewing the officials.  These will be summarisingly interpreted.

In chapter four, it will be data presentation and analysis of findings and the research will be using the instrument of questionnaires.

Chapter five, is the summaries of some of the key findings of the research which relates to the main objective, recommendation and conclusion.

CHAPTER ONE

 

1. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

Bank lending is concerned with provision of funds for needy customers as loans from the savings of the fund surplus units paid into the bank.  Due to the established fact that the saved fund is at the disposal of the bank for specified period, the bank can thus provide these funds to their customers who may have greater use for these funds at the time.

The reason behind bank lending is the need to attain some economic growth through lending to already existing businesses for expansion and to individuals with entrepreneurial prospects to set up businesses and for making profit by far one of the most services provided by banks.  It is the corner stone of a bank.  Great care thus has to be exercised in this activity.

In the lending by banks, some lending policies should be adhered to, some questions should be addressed regarding:

1. Who is the bank lending to?
2. How honest is this customer?
3. What is the reputation of this customer at a time?
4. How much can the bank lend to a customer at a time?

Judgment in lending is the real test of a bank’s skill and as such the health of the business and not just the customer should be of a great interest to the bank. Banks suffer great losses following the non-payment of loans.  Banks should develop carefully into an analysis and use of the financial statements before lending.  This analysis involves the assessment of a company’s or borrower’s past; present and anticipated future financial condition that could lead to future problems and to determine any strength that the company/ borrower might capitalize on.

The tools for the financial statement analysis are the financial ratios which can be used to answer some important questions regarding a company’s/ customer’s well-being.

Such very important questions regarding are:

1. How liquid is the company?
2. Is management generating sufficient profits from the company’s assets?
3. How does the company’s management finance its investments?

The answer to these questions in two words are RATIO ANALYSIS.

According to UBAKA (1996), ratio is defined as a useful tool with which to analyse a set of financial statements.  It is the only such tool available to accountants to analyse a set of financial statements.  Ratio is the arithmetic relationship between two figures in a set of financial statement.  It can be presented in a number of forms.  The particular form of presentation chosen for any relationship examined is the one which the analyst can best interpret, for instance, some people prefer to look at the periods, while others prefer percentage presentation.

The three basic financial statements which form the bedrock from which the financial ratios are usually computed for analysis are:

(a)     Balance sheet which represents a statement of financial position of a firm at a given period of time, including asset-holding, liabilities and owner’s equity.

(b)     Profit and loss statement (which is sometimes referred to as income statement) presents a measure of the net profit results of the firm’s operations over a specified interval.  It is computed on an accrual rather than on a cash basis.

(c)      Statement of charges in financial position (which is also known as sources and use of adds statement provides an accounting for the sources provided during a specified period and the uses which they are put).

Analysis of the above financial statements employing financial ratios requires low arithmetical skill.    Ratios are of use principally to the higher levels of management, who are responsible for maximizing profits and planning for the future.  One must understand the inner workings of the financial ratios and the significance of various financial relationship to interpret he data bearing in financial analysis as to provide information about an establishment and such information do not be limited to accounting data.  Ratios based on past performance may be helpful in predicting future earnings capacity and financial projections of an establishment.  We must beware of the different limitations of such data.  Financial statement is merely a summary records of the past and we have go beyond the financial statement and look into the nature of the organization, its position within economy, its activities, its research expenditures and above all, the quality of its engagement before granting loan (MATHER 1979).  Financial ratios are of four types and are used to analyse the financial position of a firm.  They are:

1.       Liquidity Ratios:  These ratios indicate the firm’s capacity to meet short-run obligations.  Liquidity ratios measure the firm’s ability to fulfill short-term commitments out of its liquid assets.  These ratios particularly interest the firm’s short-term creditors liquid assets include accounts receivable and other debts owed to the firm which will generate cash when those debts are paid in the near future.  Also included are cash and other assets as marketable securities and inventories either of which can be sold to generate funds for meeting maturing short-run obligations.

Two types of liquidity ratios are the current and quick ratio.

(a)     Current Ratio:  The simplest measure of the firm’s ability to raise funds to meet short-run obligations is the current ratio.  It is the ratio of Current Assets to current liabilities.  Current assets are viewed as relatively liquid which means they can generate cash in a relatively short time period.  If current ratio is too low, the firm may have difficulty in meeting short-run commitments as they mature.  If it is too high, the firm may have an excessive investment in current asset.

          To reduce a high current ratio, the component(s) of current asset that is too large should be reduced and the funds invested in more productive long-term assets used to reduce debt or paid out as dividends to the owners of the firm.

          Current Ratio       =       Current Asset

                                                Current Liability

(b)     Quick or acid test ratio:  Measures the firm’s ability to meet short-term obligations from its most liquidity assets.  In this case, inventory is not included with other current assets because it is generally far less liquid than the other current assets excluding inventory dividend by current liabilities.  Thus:

          Quick Ratio          =       Current Assets Less Inventory or Stock

                                                Current Liability

2.       Leverage Ratios:  Measure the extent of the firm’s total debt burden.  They reflect the firm’s ability to meet its short and long term debt obligations.  These ratios are computed either by comparing fixed charges and earning from the income statement or by relating the debt and equity items from the balance sheet.  These leverage ratios are important to creditors since they reflect the capacity of the firm’s revenue to support interest and other fixed charges and whether there are sufficient assets to pay off debt in the event of liquidation.  Shareholders too, are concerned with these ratios, since interest payments are an expense to the firm that increases with greater debt.  If borrowing and interest are excessive, the firm can even experience bankruptcy.

Leverage ratio is of three types which include:

Debt-to-total assets ratio:  This ratio equals total debt divided by total assets.  Thus:  Debt to total asset ratio  =       Total debt (liabilities)

                                                                   Total Assets

Thus ratio is also referred simply as a debt ratio generally, creditors prefer a low debt ratio since it implies a greater protection of thei

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