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ABBREVIATIONS

HBP=Hypertensive

HBP+DM=HypertensiveDiabetic

DM= Diabetic

BMI= Body Mass Index

SBP= Systolic Blood Pressure

DBP= Diastolic Blood Pressure

FBS= Fasting Blood Sugar

TC=Total Cholesterol

HDL-C= High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.

LDL-C =Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.

TG= Triglyceride.

Na= Sodium

K=Potassium

Cu=Copper

Mg=Magnesium

Cr=Chromium

Zn=Zinc

N= Number of subjects per group

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Baseline data of Diabetic, Hypertensive, Hypertensive diabetic Patients and

Controls.

Table 2: Comparison of Serum lipid levels among Diabetic, Hypertensive, Hypertensive

diabetic Patients and Controls.

Table 3: Comparison of Serum Minerals among Diabetic, Hypertensive, Hypertensive

diabetic Patients and Controls.

Table 4: Comparison of baseline data, lipid profile and minerals within Age groups in

diabetics.

Table 5: Comparison of baseline data, lipid profile and minerals within Age groups in

hypertensives.

Table 6: Comparison of baseline data, lipid profile and minerals within Age groups in

hypertensive diabetics.

Table 7: Comparison of baseline data, lipid profile and minerals between male and

female diabetics.

Table 8: Comparison of baseline data, lipid profile and minerals between male and

female hypertensives.

Table 9: Comparison of baseline data, lipid profile and minerals between male and

female hypertensive diabetics.

Table 10: Correlation of BMI with Lipid profile and Mineral levels in diabetics.

Table 11: Correlation of BMI with Lipid profile and Mineral levels in hypertensives.

Table 12: Correlation of SBP with Lipid profile and Mineral levels in hypertensives

Table 13: Correlation of DBP with Lipid profile and Mineral levels in hypertensives.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Justification for study………………………………………………………………………………..5

1.2 Aims and Objectives of the study………………………………………………………………..5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………………6

2.1.0 Diabetes Mellitus………………………………………………………………………………………6

2.1.1 Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus…………………………………………………………8

2.1.2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus…………………………………………………………………………..9

2.1.3 Causes, Mechanisms and Complications in Type 2 Diabetes……………………….13

2.2.0 Hypertension…………………………………………………………………………………………14

2.2.1 Pathophysiology of Hypertension……………………………………………………………14

2.2.2 Risk factors/ Causes of Hypertension………………………………………………………15

2.3.0 Minerals………………………………………………………………………………………………..21

2.3.1 Magnesium…………………………………………………………………………………………….21

2.3.2 Magnesium and Diabetes………………………………………………………………………..23

2.3.3 Magnesium and Hypertension………………………………………………………………….26

2.3.4 Chromium……………………………………………………………………………………………..28

2.3.5 Zinc………………………………………………………………………………………………………33

2.3.6 Copper………………………………………………………………………………………………….35

2.3.7 Potassium…………………………………………………………………………………………….37

2.3.8 Sodium………………………………………………………………………………………………..39

2.4.0 Lipid Profile………………………………………………………………………………………….40

2.4.1 Cholesterol…………………………………………………………………………………………..40

2.4.2 LDL- Cholesterol…………………………………………………………………………………..41

2.4.3 HDL-Cholesterol……………………………………………………………………………………41

2.4.4 Triglyceride…………………………………………………………………………………………..42

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Subjects, Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………...46

3.1.0 Subjects……………………………………………………………………………………………….46

3.1.1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria………………………………………………………………46

3.2 Materials………………………………………………………………………………………………….47

3.2.1 Sample Collection…………………………………………………………………………………..47

3.3 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………………..47

3.3.1 Total cholesterol estimation enzymatic endpoint method………………………….47

3.3.2 High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Estimation………………………………………49

3.3.3 Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Estimation……………………………………….51

3.3.4 Triglyceride Estimation…………………………………………………………………………..53

3.3.5 Glucose Estimation…………………………………………………………………………………54

3.3.6 Determination of Serum Potassium and Sodium………………………………………..56

3.3.7 Determination of Trace minerals (Copper, Chromium, Magnesium and Zinc)..57

3.4 Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………….58

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………59

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation………………………………………….85

5.1 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………85

5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………..92

5.3 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………………….92

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………….93

APPENDIX…………………………………&he

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