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LIST OF TABLES PAGE

2.1.1 Proximate and Mineral Composition of Gongronema latifolium Leaves………..………….....8

2.1.2 Amino Acid Composition of Gongronema latifolium Leaves...………………….....………..11

2.1.3 Amino Acid Composition of Gongronema latifolium Leaves Compared With The WHO

“ideal protein”……..……………………………………………………….…......................12

2.1.4 Fatty acid Composition of Gongronema latifolium Leaves…………………………………..14

2.1.5 Nutritional Value of Gongronema latifolium Leaf…………………………………………....15

2.1.6 Phytochemical Analysis of Gongronema latifolium Leaf……………………….…................16

2.2.1 Proximate Composition (G/100g, Dry Sample) and Ascorbic Acid Content of Nigerian

Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum).………………………………………………………21

2.2.2 Heavy Metal Concentration of Tetracarpidium conophorum nut (PPM)………..………..….23

2.2.3 Quantitative Estimates of Phytochemicals of Tetracarpidium conophorum……..………......24

2.11 The International Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to

BMI ………………………………………………………………………………………......57

4.1 Comparison of the mean + SD of the Anthropometric parameters and blood Glucose values of

Subjects that were not fed with walnuts or utazi (GROUP ONE)…………………………....69

4.2 Comparison of the mean + SD of Lipid and lipoprotein values of the subjects that were not

fed with walnuts or utazi (GROUP ONE)....………………………………...………………..72

4.4 Comparison of the mean + SD of the Anthropometric Parameters and Blood Glucose values

of subjects that were fed with utazi (GROUP TWO)…..……………………..........................75

4.5 Comparison of the mean + SD of the lipid profile and lipoprotein values of subjects that were

fed with utazi (GROUP TWO).....…………………………….………………………………77

4.6 Level of statistical significance of the mean + SD of the Anthropometric Parameters, blood

Glucose, Lipids and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were fed with utazi (GROUP

TWO)..…….…………………………………………..………………………………………80

4.7 Comparison of the mean + SD of the Anthropometric parameters and blood Glucose values of

subjects that were fed with utazi and walnuts (GROUP THREE)……………………………82

4.8 Comparison of the mean + SD of the Lipid Profile and Lipoprotein values of subjects that

were fed with utazi and walnuts (GROUP THREE)……………………………....................85

viii

4.9 Level of statistical significance of the mean+SD value of the Anthropometric Parameters and

blood Glucose, Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were fed with utazi and walnuts

(GROUP THREE)……..................................................................................................88

4.10 Comparison of the mean + SD of the Anthropometric Parameters and Blood Glucose values

of subjects that were fed with walnuts (GROUP FOUR……………....................................90

4.11 Comparison of the mean + SD of the Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were fed

with walnuts (GROUP FOUR)………………………………………………………..............92

4.12 Level of statistical significance of the mean+SD value of the Anthropometric Parameters,

blood Glucose and Lipid Profile of subjects that ate walnuts (GROUP FOUR)…….............95

4.13 Influence of Low normal Baseline value on the mean+SD of the Parameters, blood Glucose,

Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were not fed with walnuts or utazi (GROUP

ONE)……………………………………………………………..……………………….......97

4.14 Influence of High normal Baseline value in the mean+SD of the Anthropometric Parameters,

blood Glucose, Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were not fed with walnuts or

utazi (GROUP ONE)…………………………………………..……………………………...99

4.15 Influence of low normal Baseline value in the mean+SD of the Anthropometric Parameters,

blood Glucose, Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were fed With utazi alone

(GROUP TWO)………………………………………………………..…………………….101

4.16 Influence of High normal Baseline value on the mean+SD of the Anthropometric Parameters,

blood Glucose, Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were fed with utazi (GROUP

TWO…………..…………………………………………..…………………………………103

4.17 Comparison of Lower Baseline value of the mean+SD of the Anthropometric Parameters

blood Glucose and Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were fed with walnuts and

utazi (GROUP THREE).………………………………………………………………….....105

4.18 Influence of High normal Baseline value on the mean+SD of the Anthropometric Parameters,

blood Glucose, Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were fed with walnuts and utazi

(GROUP THREE)…………………………………………………….................................107

4.19 Influence of Low normal Baseline value on the mean+SD of the Anthropometric Parameters,

blood Glucose, Lipid and Lipoprotein values of Subjects that were fed with walnuts (GROUP

FOUR)....………………………………………………….…………………………………109

4.20 Influence of High normal Baseline value on the mean+SD of the Anthropometric Parameters,

blood Glucose, Lipid and Lipoprotein values of subjects that were fed with walnuts (GROUP

FOUR)…………………………………………………..……………...............................111

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Picture of Gongronema latifolium Leaves (Utazi Leaves)……………………………………..6

2.2 Picture of Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds (Nigerian walnuts seeds)…………………......17

2.7.1 Structure of Cholesterol.………………………………………………………………………33

2.7.2 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol………………………………………………………....…...........35

2.8.1 Synthesis of Triglycerides ……………………………………………………………............38

2.9.1 Structure of Lipoprotein.. ……………………………………………………….……………41

2.9.2.2 Metabolism of HDL…………………………………………………………...………...........44

2.9.5 Structure of chylomicrons…………………………………………………………………….50

2.10 The Fluctuation of Blood Sugar………………………………………………………………55

2.11.1 BMI chart……………………………………………………………………….…………….58

x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABCA1 -ATP-binding cassette transporter A1

AHA -American Heart Association

APOB48 -Apolipoprotein B-48

APOC2 -Apolipoprotein C-II

APOE -Apolipoprotein E

CETP -Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein

CVD -Cardio vascular disease

DM -Diabetes mellitus

HDL-C -High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol

HMG-CoA -3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A

IDL - Intermediate density lipoproteins

IUPAC-IUB -International Union of Pure and Applied chemistry- International

Union of Biochemistyry

LCAT -Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase

LDL -Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol

MβCD -Methyl Beta Cyclodextrin

MUFA -Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids

NHS -National Health Service

NFE -Natural Fuel Energy

NIDD -Non-insulin dependent diabetic

NMR -Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

PLTP -Phospholipid transport protein

PPM -Part Per Million

PUFA -Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids

ROS -Reactive oxygen species

SFA -Saturated Fatty Acids

SR-B1 -Scarvenger Receptor B1

TFA -Total Fatty acid

VLDL -Very Low Density Lipoproteins

WHO -World Health Organization

W/W -Weight per Weight

xi

ABSTRACT

The study evaluates the effects of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Nigerian walnuts) and

Gongronema latifolium (utazi) on plasma lipid profile and blood glucose. The study

was conducted on eighty (80) apparently healthy subjects (40 males and 40 females),

within the age range of 20-55years who were randomly recruited from NAUTH staff,

Medical students and within Nnewi. 20 were not fed with utazi and walnuts, 20 were

fed with utazi, 20 were fed with utazi and walnuts and 20 were fed with walnuts. The

parameters were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. There was statistically

significant reduction in the level of blood glucose(3.85+0.14mmol/l), plasma

cholesterol (3.60+0.43mmol/l), plasma triglycerides (0.73+0.19mmol/l), plasma LDLC

(1.97+0.48mmol/l) and plasma LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio(1.32+0.44mmol/l) of the

subjects that were fed with utazi for six weeks compared with their baseline blood

glucose(4.92+0.31mmol/l), plasma cholesterol (4.56+0.67mmol/l), plasma

triglycerides (0.96+0.20mmol/l), plasma LDL-C (2.70+0.67mmol/l), and plasma LDLC/

HDL-C ratio (2.11+0.72mmol/l), ( P<0.05). Also, there was statistically significant

reduction in the level of blood glucose (3.94+0.16mmol/l), plasma

cholesterol(3.34+0.28mmol/l), plasma triglycerides (0.62+0.08mmol/l), plasma LDLC(

1.46+0.42mmol/l) and plasma LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio(0.85+0.2mmol/l), of the

subjects that were fed with utazi and walnuts for six weeks compared with their

baseline blood glucose(4.73+0.30mmol/l), plasma cholesterol (4.39+0.62mmol/l),

plasma triglycerides(0.91+0.11mmol/l), plasma LDL-C (2.5+0.66mmol/l) and plasma

LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio (1.85+0.62mmol/l), ( P<0.05) with a significant increase in their

HDL-C (1.43+0.22mmol/l), level compared with their baseline HDL-C

(1.72+0.10mmol/

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