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PREVALENCE OF MALARIA PARASITE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN (A CASE STUDY OF NIGER FOUNDATION HOSPITAL ENUGU)

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Study                                 1
2. Statement of the Problem                                4
3. Objectives of the Study                                    4
4. Research Question                                           5
5. Significance of the Study                                 5
6. Delimitation of the Study                                 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Causes of Malaria                                            8
2. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Malaria in Pregnancy

11

1. Planted and Immune Invasion                         13
2. Low Birth highlight (LBH)                                        16
3. Preterm Delivery and Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR).                                                17
4. Material Nutrition and Malaria in Pregnancy   18
5. Epidemiology of Malaria in Pregnancy             19
6. Control of Malaria                                            22
7. Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT)           26

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   MATERIALS & METHODS                              28

1. Materials (See Appendix)
2. Study Area                                                       28
3. Collection of Blood and Preparation of Blood Films

29

1. Examination of Blood Films                            30

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   RESULT                                                           31

 

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1. Discussion                                                       35
   1. Parity Prevalence                                             37
   2. Age Prevalence                                                 38
2. Conclusion                                                      39

Recommendation                                             40

References                                                       42

Appendices                                                      48

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:    Prevalence of Malaria Parasite Among Pregnant Women Based on Gravidity                                  31

 

Table 2:    Prevalence of Malaria Parasite in Pregnant Women Based on Trimester                                 33

 

Table 3:    Prevalence of Malaria Parasite in Pregnant Women Based on Age                                           34

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1:      Live Cycle of Plasmodium Parasite           6B 9

 

Fig. 2:      Bar Chart of Relationship Between Percentage of Pregnant Women Infected with Malaria Parasite and umber of pregnant Women Sampled by Gravidity  32

 

Fig. 3:      Bar Chart of Relationship Between Malaria Infection and Age of Pregnant Women ……………… 34

 

ABSTRACT

        A survey designed to determine the true prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Enugu metropolis, a case study of Niger Foundation Hospital Enugu Southeastern Nigeria. A total of 200 pregnant women were recruited into this study. Blood smears stained with Giemsa (1/10 dilution) were used for malaria diagnosis by light microscopy. Malaria infection during pregnancy present mostly as asymptomatic infection. A total of 35.0% were positive while 65.0% were negative. The prevalence of malaria on the parity levels showed that primigravidae had the prevalence rate of 41.9% while multigravidae had the prevalence rate of 27.8%.The age prevalence of malaria showed that 19 – 23 years had the highest prevalence rate of 46.2%. However, all these were statistically significant.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

 

Malaria is a disease that is caused by a parasite, a living thing that lives and feeds on another living thing without helping its host in any way. The parasites that cause human malaria are tiny, single-celled creatures known as protozoa of the genus plasmodium. Four species are involves Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale, of these, Plasmodium falciparum is the most commosn and the deadliest and the most virulent in Africa. Malaria parasites are spread to humans by the bite of an infection vector, the female anopheles mosquito. Such mosquitoes are found in almost all countries in the tropics (region around the equator) and subtropics (region just beyond the tropics) (Izenberg et al 2008).

 Malaria disease is known to affect a high population of people. Women particularly pregnant women and children, aged 0.5 are among the worst hit by the mosquito borne ailment. Latest WHO estimated that there are 300 – 500 million cases of clinical malaria per year with 1.4 – 2.6 million deaths mainly among African children. Most of these deaths are attributed to infection with P. falciperium and occur among children and pregnant women in the developing world (WHO 2004).

Each year, 25 million African women become pregnant in malaria endemic area. Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. It increase the risk of low birth weight (<2500mg), infant mortality and morbidity during the first year of the life by inducing intra-uterine growth retardation, pre-maturity and infant anemiae (Nosten et al 1994).

Malaria is known to impair growth in children, it causes weakness, mental apathy, abortion in pregnant women as well as maternal anemia. It slows down economic development (Adam, 2005), the presentation of malaria during pregnancy varies according to the pre-existing immunity of the malaria. Women living in low malaria transmission have little immunity to malaria which causes severe syndrome, such as cerebral malaria and preliminary edema. It is generally assumed that due to the acquisition of significant levels of anti-malaria immunity in areas of stable transmission, parasitemia pregnant women are rarely symptomatic and that severe disease or death from malaria is extremely unusual (Shulman, 2003).

In order to decrease the increase of morbidity and mortality particularly in pregnant women, control measures depends upon elimination of mosquito breeding places, personal protection against mosquitoes, suppressive drugs for exposed persons, and adequate treatment of cases and carriers (Jawetz et al 2004).

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 

        Malaria is endemic in Nigeria and pregnancy increases the susceptibility of this infection. One of the most common complications of malaria in pregnancy is anemia which also has a negative impact on the outcome of pregnancy. This parasitic infection in pregnancy is associated with serious adverse effects which include acute febrile illness episodes, abortions, premature delivery, severe anemia, low birth weight babies, congenital malaria and even death.

 

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 

To determine the prevalence of malaria parasite infection among pregnant women in Enugu Metropolis.

 

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the causative organism of malaria parasite infection?
2. What is the pathology and pathogenesis of malaria in pregnancy?
3. What is the epidemiology of malaria in pregnancy?
4.  What are the placental immunity of malaria among pregnant women?
5. Does malaria parasite infection causes low birth weight?
6. Could malaria in pregnancy be controlled?
7. What are the prevention and treatment of malaria in pregnancy?

 

1.5   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 

        Studies have shown that pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria and complications compared with non pregnant women, and complications include cerebral malaria, severe malaria anemia, abortion, infant mortality, etc. For this reason, this work will help all pregnant mother to know that going to antenatal and taking their anti-malaria drug is very essential also, this work will help the world particularly  Nigeria to develop effective preventive and longterm control strategies specific for pregnant women.