TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
Carrier opportunity in plastic 8
CHAPTER TWO
Sources of plastics 9
Plastics raw material 9
Chemical intermediates for the production
of plastics 14
Manufacturing processes 17
Plastic fabrication 19
Thermoplastic processes and applications 21
Preparation and finishing processes 33
Recycling processes 33
Properties of plastics 34
Additives used in plastics 41
Importance’s of additives 42
Applications and importance of plastics 48
Alloying and blending 52
CHAPTER THREE
Developing the process of plastic industry 55
Courting 61
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion 85
CHAPTER FIVE
Recommendation 99
Conclusion 101
Bibliography 102
ABSTRACT
Plastics are long-chair compounds or polymers derived from petroleum. Also, mastic an solid to be any of the several chemically produced substances that can be formed into shapes when heated or made into this threads & used to make various artificial fabrics.
It’s part’s is produced by a combination of heating, flowing deformation, chemical reaction & cooling depending on whether the material is thermoplastic or thermosets.
The development of plastic processing come up due to the increase in plastic consumption which increases tremendously as result of wide change of industrial revolution.
Plastic have different applications & methods which depends on the environment & the availability of raw materials, nature is to be subjected to.
In plastic products, what to be produce determines what processing method to be employed & type of processing machine to be used, but generally, plastic production comes in one method. When the machine is switched on, it is allowed to heat to a certain temperature before the introduction of the high or low density ethylene as a raw material in to the extruder and the raw material will pass through different zones of increasing temperature until it reaches the final zone which has lower temperature to previous zones before passing through the nozzle which contains a dies which has it’s function as keeping the flowing material in shape & introducing it into the mould where the plastic material cools after showing with air & takes the shape of the mould. The dressing process is next to this to give it it’s finish & final shape before consumption.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Plastics is any of the several chemically produced substances that can be formed into shapes when heated or made into this threads & used to make various artificial fabrics.
However, they are nonmetallic basic engineering materials that can be formed 7 shaped by many methods. Plastics may be compositions formed from such nat resins.
Plastics is to generics name of an industry & its products in this usoge, plastics is a plural word. The industry, this name is & late twenties, when d formability of these compositions while in this plastics state, was thought to be their most important features. Celluloid was the first synthetic plastic being white in colour, abundant in supply, retains its original shiny white surfaces, & was also less costly. This was no later replaced by improved plastic for even better appearance & scratch resistance.
Today, every or almost manufactured products uses plastics in some form, in the end product or in the manufacturing process. Plastics includes paints, fabrics, rubbers, insulation foams, greases, nils, filos, ‘glasses’ structural materials, adhesives and basic mord and fabricating materials. This inturn increase the consumption of plastics tremendously as a result of wide change of industrial revolution. This is as a result of wide versatile of plastics materials which have many different characteristics at a given period & conditors. As a result of this, polymer can be changed in different forms, shapes, compositors to meet raw material needs. Owing to this, sanities, chemical engeers etc have been making researches to improve plastics qualities and versatility; it’s versatile nature made it possible for its application virtually in all materials both at come, industries and as raw material in the manufacture of other compounds.
The kind, chemical and physical properties of plastic materials is the major reason(s) for the versatility in use and production. It has low strength, low stiffness tinder to creep, low hardness low density sensitivity to high and temprature, flammability, execellent electrical characteristics and lost of other ;These properties can be manipulated to obtain a better and more useful material by addition of one or more compound could additives simpler methods for production of this plastic materials abound. This makes the sitting-up of plastic industous a sure business for up coming Engineers. Some of these methods include infects moldings, extrusion, puctrusion etc. Application of any method depends on the environment, raw material available, nature of plastic to produce and use to which the material is to be subjected to.
There are many kinds of chemically different plastics. Each kind may be made into hundreds of compositions or alloys which proceeds some special and desirable combination of properties. Many plastics are identified by the base resin and the filer. When no filer is used, the chemical name is adopted in short form and the generic name for that particular chemical class of material is appropriated.
In selecting a plastic material from the many varieties, the production engineer selects the minimum-cost variety having the greatest number of desirable properties for his application. Several types of plastics may be used in a single assemble to gain specific properties for each type of stress in production some plastics are very hard while others are more transparent than glass. The beauty of the finest material may be preserved and protected by the use of suitable plastic resins. The transparent plastic, the acrylic resin that is used for excellent optical properties may be obtain for scientific apparatus by the use of the crystal-clear acrylic plastic. The polystyrenes, vinyl, acetate, nylon, polycarbonate,
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