ABSTRACT
In this project work, Enugu coal sample from coal co-operation Enugu was collected, dried, size reduced, carbonize and activated under 8000c temperature. The activated coal sample was used to bleach the degummed and neutralized palm oil. And their degree of bleaching was measured using a spectrophotometer through absorbance measurement. The results shows that at the optimum wavelength of 540nm, absorbance value of 0.82 was obtained at 1000c and at a maximum temperature 4000c the absorbance is 0.19. The operation was conducted at a time internal of 30 minutes. The characterization values of the crade and bleached palm oil are, iodine value 128.85 and 108.77, acid value 4.79 and 3.21, saponification value 200.36 and 246.92 respectively. It was also observed that the optimum temperature for bleaching process is 2000c, the metling point of the crude and bleached palm oil 80 – 900c and 600c – 700c adequate the boiling point are 160 – 1700c and 170c – 1800c. The quality of the bleached palm oil was not good and it takes high temperature to bleach proper. Therefore Enugu coal should not be use for bleaching of palm oil.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter one
Introduction 1
Chapter two 5
Literature review 5
Chapter Three
Experimental procedures 79
Raw materials 79
Material treatment 80
Bleaching operation of palm oil 80
Chapter four 95
Experimental results 95
Determination of wavelength 95
Chapter five
Discussion 101
Recommendation 102
Conclusion 104
Reference 106
Table of nomenclature 107
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This research project which is the production of vegetable oil is very important following the economic condition of Nigeria.
We are faced with economic problem which now leads to the exploitation and development of the local raw materials. If we can really help ourselves with the production of vegetable oil using local raw materials that are available to us and stop depending fully on foreign goods and raw materials, it will help improve the economy of this country greatly and make us to be more resourceful and self reliance.
Following this fact, the refining of palm oil in a commercial quantity using local raw material to replace the imported foreign brands is very important to this country in upgrading it’s economy. This now takes us to the study and research on the use of local raw like palm oil and coal for the large scale production of reined oil.
Bleaching coal has been mined and produced in many countries like Nigeria especially in Enugu state as far back as many centuries ago.
Natural vegetable oil has so many sources where they can be obtained such as fruits, seeds, leaves, animals and fishes. We choose to use palm oil as our source here because of it’s widely availability, large quantity yield, essential cost and less bleaching difficulty. All these are to make sure that the cost of production is not much so that during sales the product will be less costly which will make the demand high and also a higher profit.
Almost all these crude oils including mineral oils, demands some level of treatment (purification) before use either domestically or industrially. The most common, critical and usually inevitable step in the purification (refining) process is bleaching or de-colourization.
Therefore, belching is the spatial or complete removal of red colour in the edible oil to colourless or golden yellow depending on the choice of the manufacturer. This research project is done to improve or develop a better laboratory decolorization set up for the production of good quality refined oil, that production of good quality refined vegetable oil for consumption which can compete favourably with imported ones. It is also aimed at verifying the better conditions for the bleaching ability of coal which is abundant in Enugu state.
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The major objective of this research project is to serve as one of the steps to help stabilize our deteriorated economy. It is also geared towards improving our foreign reserves. This research project is also to make provision for the availability of vegetable oil following the recent ban by federal government on the importation of this essential refined oil which now led to the scarcity and high cost of vegetable oil because of high import duty imposed on it. It is very necessary to suggest, explore research, finance and undertake such a viable project as the production of vegetable oil using Enugu coal.
Since the major raw materials are locally available such as palm oil and coal, this project is quite commendable.
The main scope of this research project which is the production of vegetable oil using Enugu coal are;
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