This research was about Ethno-religious crises in Nigeria and its implications on national security. The study was set out with 6 objectives namely, to examine the relationship between ethno-religious crises and national security. Others were to examine the causes and nature of ethno-religious crises and impact on national security. The implications of these crises on national security and measures put in place by the government to manage such crises were also considered. Finally, strategies to effectively manage ethno-religious crises in Nigeria were proffered.
The methods used in the study include the interview and documentary methods. The study revealed that causes of ethno-religious crises in Nigeria include ethnic and religious intolerance, unemployment and illiteracy. Others are corruption, competition for scarce resources, political representation and indigene/settler disputes. The study also established that the implications of ethno-religious crises on national security were political, social and economic.
In considering the management of these crises, the study determined that the application of carefully thought out strategies would be necessary. Consequently, the study recommended the review of the indigene/settler issue in the country and adequate funding of the Universal Basic Education to promote education. Additionally, the study recommended the implementation of recommendations by commissions of inquiries on ethno-religious crises in Nigeria. The study also recommended the sensitisation of the Nigerian populace on the negative effects of ethno-religious crises and benefits of cordial co-existence.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1 – 4
1.2 Statement of the Problem 5 – 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study 6 – 7
1.4 Significance of the Study 7
1.5 Scope of the Study 8
1.6 Limitations of the Study 8
1.7 Methodology 9 – 11
1.8 Summary 12
References 13
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Preamble 14 – 15
2.2 Concept of Ethnicity 15 – 17
2.3 Concept of Religion 17 – 19
2.4 Concept of Crisis 19 – 21
2.5 Concept of National Security 21 – 25
2.6 Ethnic and Religious Crises and National Security 25 – 26
2.7 Gap in Literature 26 – 28
References 29 – 31
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CAUSES AND IMPACT OF ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CRISES IN NIGERIA
3.1 Preamble 32 – 46
3.2 Data Analysis and Findings of the Study 46 – 47
3.3 Causes of Ethno-religious crises 47 – 54
3.4 Some Major Ethno-religious Crises in Nigeria 54 – 61
3.5 Summary 61 – 62
References 63 – 64
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 IMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CRISES
4.1 Preamble 65
4.2 Implications of Ethno-religious Crises on
National Security 66 – 71
4.3 Management of Ethno-religious Crises in Nigeria 71 – 74
4.4 Summary 75 – 76
References 77 – 78
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 79 – 81
5.2 Recommendations 81 – 82
Bibliography 84 – 89
Annex A A – 1
Annex B B – 1 to B – 12
Annex C C – 1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Man’s insatiable want and competition for virtually all necessities of life has often pitched him against his neighbours and his environment. This situation is further complicated by the inadequacy of life’s needs such as shelter, food and security. All these have combined to precipitate disasters, conflicts and crises. Implicitly, man has lived with conflicts and crises since ancient times (Joseph, 1980:1). Conflict is defined as a condition of disharmony or hostility in relations (Mbachu, Eze, 2009:6). Conflicts usually occur as a result of clash of interests between societies, groups or states that are pursuing common but opposing goals (Okon, 2003:67). The many years of the Cold War between the Western and Eastern bloc was a vivid example of clash of interests as a source of conflict. Crisis, on the other hand, is a condition of instability or danger that may lead to a decisive change (Ibid:12).
Some African countries have experienced crises resulting from clash of interests or mismanaged disputes, while some of these crises are localized within towns, regions or nations, others transcend international boundaries. The crises in Li
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