This research work tries to give an insight into the issue of the problems of financing international trade in Nigeria from the period (1990 – 1995). This study is aimed at analyzing Nigeria’s foreign transactions during and after (SAP) periods.
The work is organized into five chapters for easy comprehension and deduction, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, Research Questions, Research Hypothesis, significance of the study and definition of terms.
Chapter two involves a review of some related literature, role, risk factor in international cash flow in trade, major problem, restriction and cash flow problems. This chapter also treats, some underlying issues towards the cash flow problem in Nigeria, spanning through structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and the present data that is the positive impact of SAP on the economy.
Chapter three, this chapter is the core of the study which discusses about the research methodology. The primary and the secondary data and sources, methods of investigation used, sample size, questionnaire distribution, technique of data analysis and the formular (chi – square).
Chapter four, discusses the presentation analysis and interpretation of data and the test of hypothesis.
Chapter five covers the findings, recommendations and conclusion.
This work is however not, exhaustive, efforts have however been made to include relevant issues to note.
Source of data
Secondary data and source
Secondary data
Source of secondary data
Method of investigation used
Area of the study
The universe.
The target population
Sample size used
Sample fraction
Questionnaire distributed
Technique of data
The formular (chi –square)
Presentation and Analysis of data
Test of hypothesis
First Null Hypothesis testing
Second Null hypothesis testing
Third Null Hypothesis testing
Fourth Null hypothesis testing
Research, findings, Recommendation and conclusion
Findings
Recommendation
Conclusion
References
Bibliography.
The Nigerian economy has since the early 1990’s been faced with adverse financial constrains especially in its international trade. This can be traced to the responsible fiscal policies enacted during the oil boom period. The sought increase in the volume and value of oil exports since the early 1990’s especially in 1990/91, placed the oil sector as the mainstay of the Nigerian economy, not only in terms of foreign exchange earnings but also as the source of government revenue and domestic liquidity.
The huge revenue from oil stimulated a phenomenal increase in government expenditure and increased the public sector participation in the whole economy, such excessive government spending spilled into the rest of the economic sector and generated an unsustainable growth in economic activities. In particular, the pattern of investment shifted mainly to construction and services sectors to the detriment of productive sector that is industrial and agricultural sector which had hitherto been the sole earner and should provide the basis of economic growth. The slump in oil prices created a weakening of the international oil market from the early to mid “90”s. This phenomenon, exacerbated the problem already existing from the imbalance experienced in the preceding decade. Following the glut in the market, oil price dropped from $40 to $35.5 per barrel and continued to slide thereafter till it reached to roughly $12 per barrel. Consequently, oil export revenue which had accounted for about 95% of Nigeria’s exchange earning dropped sharply.
Moreover, the glut also forced production down by 0.4 million barrels per day as at the middle of 1991, and dropped further to 0.6 million barrels per day, during the first quarter of 1992. the oil glut and the attendant low unit prices of oil signaled the beginning of economic recession for Nigeria.
As a result of there economic recession, the country’s ability to meet its trade obligations became seriously compromised. It became necessary for trade partners to request new terms of trade and re – negotiation of existing loan and credit, subsequently, the country external payment position was adversely affected. A good example of this was manifested in the extort value which declined from the peak of N14.2 billion in 1990 to N8.6billion in 1992 but the total import expenditure rose from N9.1 billion in 1990 and 12.6 billion in 1992. With a deficit of appropriate approximately N4.0 billion. The ripples of the oil glut was also felt on the domestic front as was observed on the sharp decline in both state and federal government’s allocations in real monetary terms.
Secondly, the declining oil earning for the government to resort to alternative means of finance for its numerous projects.
In most cases, both private and public banks at home and abroad were approached to provide such needed funds in the form of loans and advances. Consequently, Nigerian’s external debt rose to nearly N15 billion in 1993.
Thirdly, in the light of mounting foreign debt and with the reluctance of the foreign trade partners to provide for the much needed finance, the government was forced into counter trade arrangements as a means of making payment on goods purchased, several attempt were made to stem the declining economic fortunes of the country. First, it was the General Ibrahim Babangida’s SAP measure that was signed to restrict imports to a manageable level. This witnessed the advent of the import license, which rather than curtailing the foreign expenditure, increased it. A more constructive approach was adopted in 1991 by the Barbangida’s administration under the structural adjustment programme (SAP) and re – aligning aggregate domestic expenditure and production pattern in order to minimize dependence on imports. The objectives of the programme are thus:-
As we have seen, the transfer of capital from one country to another is a common process of international trade, Nations in a poor country may wish to borrow the savings of Nations in a richer country. Mature industrial countries supply grants in aid to developing countries. Defeated countries have after war, been obliged to make, reparation payments to victors. Corporation in one country may wish to acquire capital assets or set up subsidiaries in another. All these are example of transactions between countries all requiring the movement in and out of fund (cash flow).
At times, these funds are not in currency und but, in the correct value of capital flow, proper conversion rate and the fluctuating issues of foreign currencies.
Secondly, there was also the issue of less developed countries who were adamantly dependent on the developed countries for almost everything. This raised considerably, the process of transferring the real sector which was inherent in borrowing or lending, created transfer problems.
Apart form the transferring of money, capital in one currency being transferred through the exchange market to another, all involve the transfer of real resources as money. In whatever way, a country in this transaction must experience changes in its balance of payments which are directly connected with borrowing or lending.
Therefore there are the problems of manipulating of these balance of payments changes and the casual relationship with the capital movement.
In Nigeria, problems arise in the international transaction because of the inefficiency in our financial system which introduced “Lagos” between the time payments are made for goods and the time funds were actually remitted.
The remittance lay introduced exchanged rate risk into the transaction.
All these elements of cost were borne by the importers and in some cases puts pressure on the country’s balance of payment.
The purpose of this study include the following:
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